<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main" level="a">Robotic Assembly and Reuse of Modular Elements in the Supply Chain of a Learning Factory for Construction and in the Context of Circular Economy</title>
        <author>
          <persName n="1" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-895X" type="ORCID">
            <forename>Jochen</forename>
            <surname>Teizer</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">Technical University of Denmark, Denmark</placeName>
          </persName>
          <persName n="2" ref="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0018-0579" type="ORCID">
            <forename>Kepeng</forename>
            <surname>Hong</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">Technical University of Denmark, Denmark</placeName>
          </persName>
          <persName n="3">
            <forename>Asger D.</forename>
            <surname>Larsen</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">Technical University of Denmark, Denmark</placeName>
          </persName>
          <persName n="4">
            <forename>Marcus B.</forename>
            <surname>Nilsen</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">Technical University of Denmark, Denmark</placeName>
          </persName>
        </author>
        <respStmt>
          <resp>This is a section of <title>CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on  Construction Applications of Virtual Reality </title>(DOI: <idno type="DOI">10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3</idno>) by </resp>
          <name>Pietro Capone, Vito Getuli, Farzad Pour Rahimian, Nashwan Dawood, Alessandro Bruttini, Tommaso Sorbi</name>
        </respStmt>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Firenze University Press</publisher>
        <pubPlace>Florence</pubPlace>
        <date when="2023">2023</date>
        <idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.55</idno>
        <availability>
          <p>Available for academic research purposes</p>
          <p>Open Access</p>
          <p>Copyright Author(s)</p>
          <licence source="text" target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode">
            <p>Content licence CC BY-NC 4.0</p>
          </licence>
          <licence source="metadata" target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode">
            <p>Metadata licence CC0 1.0</p>
          </licence>
        </availability>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>This is original content, published for academic research purposes</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc>
      <appInfo>
        <application version="2.2" ident="Booksflow">
          <desc>Digital edition XML powered by Booksflow</desc>
        </application>
      </appInfo>
    </encodingDesc>
    <profileDesc>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Although robotic solutions have been making significant contributions to fabrication environments, implementations in the construction are rare. It seems a disconnect between the industries exists where in construction the high number of non-uniform work tasks, the wide assortment of types and shapes of building materials and elements, and the presence of human workers creating safety hazards make the deployment of rather rigid robotic manipulators on construction sites much more complex than in production-like work environments. To advance construction with robotic solutions, it could prove beneficial to make each sector aware of the barriers that exist, and likewise, introduce a physical space for joint experimentation with state-of-the-art technologies from both fields. One way of alleviating this issue is to connect the sectors by providing hands-on education and research experiences, defined hereby as Learning Factory for Construction (LFC). This paper presents a scaled-down version of a LFC that has a robotic manipulator perform fully-automated and precise assembly, deconstruction, and reuse tasks of modular construction elements, whereas the elements are tracked with fiducial markers according to a known building information model and schedule. Furthermore, the FLC continuously gathers and analyzes data for performance, measures successful completions, assembly times, and potential quality defects. This project involved Masters level students with domain expertise from architectural, civil, and mechanical engineering in a cross-disciplinary and collaborative learning exercise of building a working prototype within a semester-long study project. Beyond the core tasks of the digital design and robotic application, the group developed theoretical concepts and limitations for more holistic views on circular economy, lean production, on- and off-site logistics, modularization, and construction safety, just as expected from a LFC. It is anticipated that the next generation of professionals working in the built environment and intending to solve some of the larger and more complex societal problems will require both the technical and communication skills that a LFC can stimulate. Therefore, LFC is expected to become an important component of active learning environments</p>
      </abstract>
      <textClass>
        <keywords>
          <list>
            <item>Active learning environment</item>
            <item>automation and robotics</item>
            <item>building information modeling</item>
            <item>circular economy</item>
            <item>human-machine interaction</item>
            <item>learning factory for construction</item>
            <item>modular construction</item>
            <item>next-generation tech-savvy engineers</item>
            <item>rapid prototyping and testing</item>
            <item></item>
          </list>
        </keywords>
      </textClass>
    </profileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <p>It is available online at https://doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.55<ref target="https://doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.55" /></p>
      <div>
        <listBibl>
          <head>References</head>
          <bibl n="138939">
            <bibl>Abele, E.&amp;#160;et al.&amp;#160;(2017). Learning factories for future oriented research and education in manufacturing.&amp;#160;CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 66(2), 803–826,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.005</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="138244">European Commission (2021). Digitalisation in the construction sector – Analytical Report. European Construction Sector Observatory, https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/45547 (08/12/2023).</bibl>
          <bibl n="138160">European Commission (2022). New rules to ensure the safety of machinery and robot. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_22_7741/IP_22_7741_EN.pdf (08/11/2023).</bibl>
          <bibl n="137583">
            <bibl>Gharbia, M., Chang-Richards, A. Y., &amp;amp; Zhong, R. (2019). Robotic technologies in concrete building construction: A systematic review. 36th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 10-19,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2019/0002</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="139351">
            <bibl>Goodrum, P.M., &amp;amp; Haas, C.T. (2012). Variables Affecting Innovations in the U.S. Construction Industry. Construction Research Congress,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1061/40475(278)57.</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="138392">
            <bibl>Hasan, H., Reddy, A., &amp;amp; Tsayjacobs, A. (2019). Robotic fabrication of nail laminated timber. 36th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 1210-1216&amp;#160;,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2019/0162</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137748">
            <bibl>Iturralde, K. et al. (2020). A cable driven parallel robot with a modular end effector for the installation of curtain wall modules. 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC),</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2020/0204</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="136924">
            <bibl>Karl, C.K., Spengler, A.J., Bruckmann, T., &amp;amp; Ibbs, C.W.&amp;#160;(2018). Influence of automated building construction systems on vocational education and training.&amp;#160;Proceedings of the 35th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 236-243,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2018/0034</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="139269">
            <bibl>Kem&amp;#233;ny, Z.&amp;#160;et al.&amp;#160;(2018). Human–robot collaboration in the MTA SZTAKI learning factory facility at Győr,&amp;#160;Procedia manufacturing, 23, 105–110,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.promfg.2018.04.001</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137492">
            <bibl>Leng, Y., Shi, X., &amp;amp; Hioatsu, F. (2020). Application of robots to the construction of complex structures using standardized timbers. 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 1562-1567,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2020/0217</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="138741">
            <bibl>Matt, D.T., Rauch, E., &amp;amp; Dallasega, P. (2014). Mini-factory – A learning factory concept for students and small and medium sized enterprises. &amp;#160;Procedia CIRP, 17, 178–183,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.procir.2014.01.057</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137172">
            <bibl>Nahangi, M., Heins, A., McCabe, B., &amp;amp; Schoellig, A. (2018). Automated localization of UAVs in GPS-denied indoor construction environments using fiducial markers.&amp;#160;35th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC),</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2018/0012</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="138129">Nardello, M., Madsen, O., &amp;amp; M&amp;#248;ller, C. (2017). The smart production laboratory: A learning factory for industry 4.0 concepts. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 1898. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1898/paper13.pdf</bibl>
          <bibl n="137116">
            <bibl>Oraee, M., Hosseini, M.R., Papadonikolaki, E., Palliyaguru, R., &amp;amp; Arashpour, M. (2017). Collaboration in BIM-based construction networks: A bibliometric-qualitative literature review. International Journal of Project Management, 35(7), 1288-1301,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.07.001</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137552">
            <bibl>Ravi, K.S.D., Ng, M.S., Ibanez, M., &amp;amp; Hall, D.M. (2021). Real-time Digital Twin of Robotic construction processes in Mixed Reality. 38th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 451-458,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2021/0062</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137584">
            <bibl>Rogeau, N., Tiberghien, V., Latteur, P., &amp;amp; Weinand, Y.&amp;#160;(2020). Robotic insertion of timber joints using visual detection of fiducial markers. 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC)</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2020/0068</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="139064">
            <bibl>Sacks, R., Brilakis, I., Pikas, E., Xie, H.S., &amp;amp; Girolami, M. (2020). Construction with digital twin information systems. Data-Centric Engineering, 1(6).</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1017/dce.2020.16</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="139165">Sawhney, A., Riley, M. &amp;amp; Irizarry, J. (eds.) (2020). Construction 4.0: An innovation platform for the built environment. London, England: Routledge.</bibl>
          <bibl n="139216">Slaughter, E.S. (1998). Models of construction innovation, American Society of Civil Engineers, 124(3), 226-231, http://worldcat.org/oclc/8675438</bibl>
          <bibl n="136859">
            <bibl>Slepicka, M., Vilgertshofer, S., &amp;amp; Borrmann, A. (2021). Fabrication Information Modeling: Closing the gap between Building Information Modeling and Digital Fabrication. 38th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Dubai, United Arab Emirates,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2021/0004</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="139458">
            <bibl>Sun, Z. et al. (2022). A robotic arm based design method for modular building in cold region. Sustainability, 14(3), 1452,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.3390/su14031452</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137277">
            <bibl>Teizer, J., Blickle, A., King, T., Leitzbach, O., &amp;amp; Guenther, D. (2016). Large Scale 3D Printing of Complex Geometric Shapes in Construction. 33rd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Auburn, Alabama, USA,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2016/0114</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137659">
            <bibl>Teizer, J., &amp;amp; Chronopoulos, C. (2022). Learning Factory for Construction to provide future engineering skills beyond technical education and training. Construction Research Congress, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 224-233,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1061/9780784483985.023</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137514">Teizer, J., Embers, S., Golovina, O., &amp;amp; Wolf, M. (2020). A serious gaming approach to integrate BIM, IoT and Lean Construction in Construction Education. Construction Research Congress, Tempe, Arizona, USA, March 8-10, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="137779">
            <bibl>Usmanov, V.,&amp;#160;Bruzl, M., Svoboda, P., &amp;amp; Sulc, R. (2017). Modelling of industrial robotic brick system. Proceedings of the 34th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 1013-1020,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2017/0140</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137060">
            <bibl>Wang, L., Fukuda, H., &amp;amp; Shi, X. (2020a). A preliminary comparison between manual and robotic construction of wooden structure architecture. Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 1568-1575,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2020/0218</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137294">
            <bibl>Wang, X., Liang, C.-I., Menassa, C., &amp;amp; Kamat, V.&amp;#160;(2020b). Real-time process-level digital twin for collaborative human-robot construction work. 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 1528-1535,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2020/0212</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="137220">
            <bibl>Wolf., M., Teizer, J., Wolf, B., B&amp;#252;kr&amp;#252;, S., &amp;amp; Solberg, A. (2022). Investigating hazard recognition in augmented virtuality for personalized feedback in construction safety education and training. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 51, 101469,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.aei.2021.101469</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="138044">
            <bibl>Wu, M.-H., &amp;amp; Lin, J.-R. (2020). An agent-based approach for modeling human-robot collaboration in bricklaying. 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), 797-804,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2020/0110</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="138617">
            <bibl>Yamamoto, H. (2020). A View of Construction Science and Robot Technology Implementation. 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Front Matter,</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2020/0147</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="138099">
            <bibl>Yang, C.-H., Wu, T.-H., Xiao, B., &amp;amp;Kang, S.-C. (2019). Design of a robotic software package for modular home builder. 36th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC),</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.22260/ISARC2019/0163</idno>
          </bibl>
        </listBibl>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>