<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main" level="a">Making social media archives: Limitations and archiving practices in the development of representative social media collections</title>
        <author>
          <persName n="1" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8645-9503" type="ORCID">
            <forename>Beatrice</forename>
            <surname>Cannelli</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">University College London, United Kingdom</placeName>
          </persName>
        </author>
        <respStmt>
          <resp>This is a section of <title>Exploring the Archived Web during a Highly Transformative Age</title>(DOI: <idno type="DOI">10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2</idno>) by </resp>
          <name>Sophie Gebeil, Jean-Christophe Peyssard</name>
        </respStmt>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Firenze University Press</publisher>
        <pubPlace>Florence</pubPlace>
        <date when="2024">2024</date>
        <idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2.08</idno>
        <availability>
          <p>Available for academic research purposes</p>
          <p>Open Access</p>
          <p>Copyright Author(s)</p>
          <licence source="text" target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">
            <p>Content licence CC BY 4.0</p>
          </licence>
          <licence source="metadata" target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode">
            <p>Metadata licence CC0 1.0</p>
          </licence>
        </availability>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>This is original content, published for academic research purposes</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc>
      <appInfo>
        <application version="2.2" ident="Booksflow">
          <desc>Digital edition XML powered by Booksflow</desc>
        </application>
      </appInfo>
    </encodingDesc>
    <profileDesc>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Social media has become an important digital space where individuals can participate in ongoing global discussions and document instances of historical events. Social media offers marginalized communities a means to express their identities, voice their concerns, and tell their stories. Archiving institutions have started to include social media in their collections because of its enduring value. However, constraints set by legal and technical frameworks and limited resources available at single institutions can influence the overall representativeness of content archived on social sites. This chapter explores the impact these constraints have on the development of representative social media collections and illustrate participatory approaches that can help to mitigate concerns.</p>
      </abstract>
      <textClass>
        <keywords>
          <list>
            <item>social media archiving</item>
            <item>representativeness of collections</item>
            <item>participatory archive</item>
          </list>
        </keywords>
      </textClass>
    </profileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <p>It is available online at https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2.08<ref target="https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2.08" /></p>
      <div>
        <listBibl>
          <head>References</head>
          <bibl n="154693">
            <bibl>Acker, A., &amp;amp; Kreisberg, A. (2020). “Social media data archives in an API-driven world“. Archival Science, 20(2), 106-123. h</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/s10502-019-09325-9</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154461">Aubry, S. (2010). “Introducing web archives as a new library service: The experience of the national library of France“. Liber Quarterly, 20(2). &amp;lt;https://liberquarterly.eu/article/view/10584/11316&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154445">
            <bibl>Barrowcliffe, R. (2021). “Closing the narrative gap: Social media as a tool to reconcile institutional archival narratives with Indigenous counter-narratives“. Archives and Manuscripts, 49(3), Article 3.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/01576895.2021.1883074</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154754">
            <bibl>Ben-David, A. (2021). “Critical web archive research. In The Past Web“ (pp. 181–188). Springer.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-030-63291-5</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154300">Bergis, J., Summers, E., &amp;amp; Mitchell, V. J. (2018). “Documenting the Now White Paper: Ethical Considerations for Archiving Social Media Content Generated by Contemporary Social Movements: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations. Documenting the Now, Documenting the Now“.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154465">
            <bibl>Bingham, N., &amp;amp; Byrne, H. (2021). “Archival strategies for contemporary collecting in a world of big data: Challenges and opportunities with curating the UK web archive“. Big Data &amp;amp; Society, 8(1).</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/2053951721990409</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154738">Br&amp;#252;gger, N. (2018). “The Archived Web: Doing History in the Digital Age“. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154482">
            <bibl>Bruns, A., &amp;amp; Weller, K. (2016). “Twitter as a first draft of the present: And the challenges of preserving it for the future“. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science, 183–189.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1145/2908131.2908174</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154295">Cannelli, B. (2022). “Mapping social media archiving initiatives: State of the art, trends, and future perspectives“. IIPC Net Preserve Blog. &amp;lt;https://netpreserveblog.wordpress.com/2022/11/30/mapping-social-media-archiving-initiatives-state-of-the-art-trends-and-future-perspectives/&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154500">
            <bibl>Caswell, M., Migoni, A. A., Geraci, N., &amp;amp; Cifor, M. (2017). “‘To be able to imagine otherwise’: Community archives and the importance of representation“. Archives and Records, 38(1).</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/23257962.2016.1260445</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154246">Chambers, S., Birkholz, J., Geeraert, F., Pranger, J., Messens, F., Lieber, S., Mechant, P., Michel, A., &amp;amp; Vlassenroot, E. (2021). “BESOCIAL:final report WorkPackage1 an international review of social media archiving initiatives“. 91.&amp;lt;https://www.kbr.be/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/202012_BESOCIAL_Report_WP1_Review_of_existing_social_media_archiving_projects.pdf&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154596">Clayton, J., &amp;amp; Hoskins, P. (2022, October 28). “Elon Musk takes control of Twitter in $44bn deal“. BBC News. &amp;lt;https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63402338&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154392">Colin-Arce, A., Fern&amp;#225;ndez-Quintanilla, S., Ben&amp;#237;tez-P&amp;#233;rez, V., &amp;amp; Garc&amp;#237;a-Monroy, A. (2023). “Web Archiving en espa&amp;#241;ol:Barriers to Accessing and Using Web Archives in Latin America“. &amp;lt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plQURfARGBc&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154252">
            <bibl>Cui, C., Pinfield, S., Cox, A., &amp;amp; Hopfgartner, F. (2023). “Participatory Web Archiving: Multifaceted Challenges“. In I. Sserwanga, A. Goulding, H. Moulaison-Sandy, J. T. Du, A. L. Soares, V. Hessami, &amp;amp; R. D. Frank (Eds.), “Information for a Better World: Normality, Virtuality, Physicality, Inclusivity“ (pp. 79–87). Springer Nature Switzerland.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-031-28035-1_7</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154275">Ferr&amp;#233;-Pavia, C., Zabaleta, I., Gutierrez, A., Fernandez-Astobiza, I., &amp;amp; Xamardo, N. (2018). “Internet and social media in European minority languages: Analysis of the digitalization process“. International Journal of Communication, 12, 22. Available at: &amp;lt;https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/7464&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154389">
            <bibl>Fondren, E., &amp;amp; Menard McCune, M. (2018). “Archiving and Preserving Social Media at the Library of Congress: Institutional and Cultural Challenges to Build a Twitter Archive“. Preservation, Digital Technology &amp;amp; Culture, 47(2).</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1515/pdtc-2018-0011</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154571">Gebeil, S., &amp;amp; Schafer, V. (2020). “Exploring special web archives collections related to COVID-19: The case of the French National Library (BnF)“. WARCnet Papers.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154265">
            <bibl>Goldsmith, L. P., Rowland-Pomp, M., Hanson, K., Deal, A., Crawshaw, A. F., Hayward, S. E., Knights, F., Carter, J., Ahmad, A., Razai, M., Vandrevala, T., &amp;amp; Hargreaves, S. (2022). “Use of social media platforms by migrant and ethnic minority populations during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review“. BMJ Open, 12(11).</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061896</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154538">
            <bibl>Gonz&amp;#225;lez-Bail&amp;#243;n, S., Wang, N., Rivero, A., Borge-Holthoefer, J., &amp;amp; Moreno, Y. (2014). “Assessing the bias in samples of large online networks“. Social Networks, 38, 16–27.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.socnet.2014.01.004</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154670">
            <bibl>Good, K. D. (2012). “From scrapbook to Facebook: A history of personal media assemblage and archives“. New Media &amp;amp; Society, 15(4).</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/1461444812458432</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154533">
            <bibl>Graham, M., Hale, S. A., &amp;amp; Gaffney, D. (2014). “Where in the world are you? Geolocation and language identification in Twitter“. The Professional Geographer, 66(4), 568–578.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/00330124.2014.907699</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154665">
            <bibl>Harris, Verne. “The Archival Sliver: Power, Memory, and Archives in South Africa.” Archival Science 2, no. 1–2 (March 2002): 63–86.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/BF02435631</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154546">
            <bibl>Hegarty, Kieran. 2022. “The Invention of the Archived Web: Tracing the Influence of Library Frameworks on Web Archiving Infrastructure.” Internet Histories 6 (4): 432–51.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/24701475.2022.2103988</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154575">
            <bibl>Henninger, Maureen, and Paul Scifleet. 2016. “How Are the New Documents of Social Networks Shaping Our Cultural Memory.” Journal of Documentation 72 (2): 277–98.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1108/JD-06-2015-0069</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154406">
            <bibl>Hino, Airo, and Robert A. Fahey. 2019. “Representing the Twittersphere: Archiving a Representative Sample of Twitter Data under Resource Constraints.” International Journal of Information Management 48 (October):175–84.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.019</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154407">
            <bibl>Jackson, T. (2020). “‘I’ve never told anybody that before’“ In S. Popple, A. Prescott, &amp;amp; D. H. Mutibwa (Eds.), Communities, Archives and New Collaborative Practices (1st ed., pp. 93–106). Bristol University Press; JSTOR.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.2307/j.ctvx1hvvd.13</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154751">
            <bibl>Jimerson, Randall. 2006. “Embracing the Power of Archives.” The American Archivist 69 (1): 19–32.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.17723/aarc.69.1.r0p75n2084055418</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154336">
            <bibl>Littman, Justin, Daniel Chudnov, Daniel Kerchner, Christie Peterson, Yecheng Tan, Rachel Trent, Rajat Vij, and Laura Wrubel. 2018. “API-Based Social Media Collecting as a Form of Web Archiving.” International Journal on Digital Libraries 19 (1): 21–38.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/s00799-016-0201-7</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154561">Lutz, C. (2022). “Inequalities in social media use and their implications for digital methods research“. The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, 679–690.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154623">
            <bibl>Maemura, Emily. 2023. “Sorting URLs out: Seeing the Web through Infrastructural Inversion of Archival Crawling.” Internet Histories 7 (4): 386–401.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/24701475.2023.2258697</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154370">
            <bibl>Masan&amp;#232;s, Julien, Daniela Major, and Daniel Gomes. 2021. “The Past Web: A Look into the Future.” In The Past Web, edited by Daniel Gomes, Elena Demidova, Jane Winters, and Thomas Risse, 285–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-030-63291-5_22</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154298">Messens, F., Birkholz, J. M., Chambers, S., Geeraert, F., Michel, A., Mechant, P., Vlassenroot, E., Lieber, S., Dimou, A., &amp;amp; Watrin, P. (2021). “BESOCIAL–Towards a sustainable strategy for archiving and preserving social media in Belgium“. Digital Humanities Benelux 2021 Conference.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154362">
            <bibl>Pehlivan, Z., Thi&amp;#232;vre, J., &amp;amp; Drugeon, T. (2021). “Archiving Social Media: The Case of Twitter“. In D. Gomes, E. Demidova, J. Winters, &amp;amp; T. Risse (Eds.), The Past Web: Exploring Web Archives (pp. 43–56). Springer International Publishing.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-030-63291-5_5</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154539">
            <bibl>Pendergrass, Keith L., Walker Sampson, Tim Walsh, and Laura Alagna. 2019. “Toward Environmentally Sustainable Digital Preservation.” The American Archivist 82 (1): 165–206.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.17723/0360-9081-82.1.165</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154705">
            <bibl>Pietrobruno, S. (2013). YouTube and the social archiving of intangible heritage. New Media &amp;amp; Society, 15(8), Article 8.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/1461444812469598</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154509">
            <bibl>Richardson, Allissa V. 2020. “The Coming Archival Crisis: How Ephemeral Video Disappears Protest Journalism and Threatens Newsreels of Tomorrow.” Digital Journalism 8 (10): 1338–46.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/21670811.2020.1841568</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154366">
            <bibl>Ringel, Sharon, and Roei Davidson. 2022. “Proactive Ephemerality: How Journalists Use Automated and Manual Tweet Deletion to Minimize Risk and Its Consequences for Social Media as a Public Archive.” New Media &amp;amp; Society 24 (5): 1216–33.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/1461444820972389</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154666">Schafer, V., &amp;amp; Els, B. (2020). “Exploring special web archive collections related to COVID-19: The case of the BnL“. WARCnet Papers.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154451">
            <bibl>Schafer, Val&amp;#233;rie, G&amp;#233;r&amp;#244;me Truc, Romain Badouard, Lucien Castex, and Francesca Musiani. 2019. “Paris and Nice Terrorist Attacks: Exploring Twitter and Web Archives.” Media, War &amp;amp; Conflict 12 (2): 153–70.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/1750635219839382</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154662">
            <bibl>Schafer, Val&amp;#233;rie, and Jane Winters. 2021. “The Values of Web Archives.” International Journal of Digital Humanities 2 (1–3): 129–44.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/s42803-021-00037-0</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154660">
            <bibl>Schwartz, Joan M., and Terry Cook. 2002. “Archives, Records, and Power: The Making of Modern Memory.” Archival Science 2 (1–2): 1–19.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/BF02435628</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154624">Simon, R. I. (2012). “Remembering together“. In Heritage and Social Media:Understanding Heritage in a Participatory Culture (pp. 89–106). Routledge.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154540">
            <bibl>Sinn, Donghee, and Sue Yeon Syn. 2014. “Personal Documentation on a Social Network Site: Facebook, a Collection of Moments from Your Life?” Archival Science 14 (2): 95–124.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/s10502-013-9208-7</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154402">Statista.com. (2023). “Monthly Active Users by Social Media Platform (in millions)“. &amp;lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20231210153436/https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154640">Storrar, T. (2014, May 8). “Archiving social media“. The National Archives Blog. &amp;lt;https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archiving-social-media/&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154569">Thomson, S. D. (2016). “Preserving Social Media (16–01; DPC Technology Watch Report)“. &amp;lt;https://www.dpconline.org/docs/technology-watch-reports/1486-twr16-01/file&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154462">
            <bibl>Tromble, Rebekah, Andreas Storz, and Daniela Stockmann. 2017. “We Don’t Know What We Don’t Know: When and How the Use of Twitter’s Public APIs Biases Scientific Inference.” SSRN Electronic Journal.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.2139/ssrn.3079927</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154667">
            <bibl>Van Dijck, Jos&amp;#233;. 2011. “Flickr and the Culture of Connectivity: Sharing Views, Experiences, Memories.” Memory Studies 4 (4): 401–15.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/1750698010385215</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154405">
            <bibl>Wu, Siqi, Marian-Andrei Rizoiu, and Lexing Xie. 2020. “Variation across Scales: Measurement Fidelity under Twitter Data Sampling.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 14 (May):715–25.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1609/icwsm.v14i1.7337</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154767">
            <bibl>Yakel, Elizabeth. 2003. “Archival Representation.” Archival Science 3 (1): 1–25.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/BF02438926</idno>
          </bibl>
        </listBibl>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>