<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main" level="a">The Online presence of the Danish public sector from 2010 to 2022: Generating an archived web corpus</title>
        <author>
          <persName n="1" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5468-0406" type="ORCID">
            <forename>Tanja</forename>
            <surname>Svarre</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">Aalborg University, Denmark</placeName>
          </persName>
          <persName n="2" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8821-0314" type="ORCID">
            <forename>Mette</forename>
            <surname>Skov</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">Aalborg University, Denmark</placeName>
          </persName>
        </author>
        <respStmt>
          <resp>This is a section of <title>Exploring the Archived Web during a Highly Transformative Age</title>(DOI: <idno type="DOI">10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2</idno>) by </resp>
          <name>Sophie Gebeil, Jean-Christophe Peyssard</name>
        </respStmt>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Firenze University Press</publisher>
        <pubPlace>Florence</pubPlace>
        <date when="2024">2024</date>
        <idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2.17</idno>
        <availability>
          <p>Available for academic research purposes</p>
          <p>Open Access</p>
          <p>Copyright Author(s)</p>
          <licence source="text" target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">
            <p>Content licence CC BY 4.0</p>
          </licence>
          <licence source="metadata" target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode">
            <p>Metadata licence CC0 1.0</p>
          </licence>
        </availability>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>This is original content, published for academic research purposes</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc>
      <appInfo>
        <application version="2.2" ident="Booksflow">
          <desc>Digital edition XML powered by Booksflow</desc>
        </application>
      </appInfo>
    </encodingDesc>
    <profileDesc>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This chapter presents the generation of a web archive corpus with the purpose of studying the development of Danish public sector websites from 2010 to 2022. Websites constitute an important element in shaping electronic governments. Few studies have carried out longitudinal studies of government websites based on archived web materials. In this study, which spans three levels of administration, archived web data is gathered to analyze governments at the local, regional, and national levels in Denmark across four selected years.</p>
      </abstract>
      <textClass>
        <keywords>
          <list>
            <item>public sector</item>
            <item>online information</item>
            <item>e-government</item>
            <item>web archives</item>
          </list>
        </keywords>
      </textClass>
    </profileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <p>It is available online at https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2.17<ref target="https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0413-2.17" /></p>
      <div>
        <listBibl>
          <head>References</head>
          <bibl n="154459">
            <bibl>Br&amp;#252;gger, Niels, Janne Nielsen, and Ditte Laursen. 2020. “Big Data Experiments with the Archived Web: Methodological Reflections on Studying the Development of a Nation’s Web.” First Monday, February.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.5210/fm.v25i3.10384</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154414">
            <bibl>Cahlikova, Tereza. 2021. “Drivers of and Barriers to E-Government”. In The Introduction of E-Government in Switzerland: Many Sparks, No Fire, edited by Tereza Cahlikova, 45–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-030-78624-3_3</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154338">
            <bibl>Chatzopoulou, Sevasti, and Birgitte Poulsen. 2017. “Combining Centralization and Decentralization in Danish Public Administration.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Decentralisation in Europe, edited by J. Ruano and M. Profiroiu. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-319-32437-1_11</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154433">
            <bibl>Donig, Simon, Markus Eckl, Sebastian Gassner, and Malte Rehbein. 2023. “Web Archive Analytics: Blind Spots and Silences in Distant Readings of the Archived Web.” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 38, no. 3.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1093/llc/fqad014</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154585">
            <bibl>Epstein, Ben. 2022. “Two Decades of e-Government Diffusion among Local Governments in the United States.” Government Information Quarterly 39, no. 2: 101665.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.giq.2021.101665</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154511">
            <bibl>Fage-Butler, Antoinette, Loni Ledderer, and Niels Br&amp;#252;gger. 2022. “Proposing Methods to Explore the Evolution of the Term ‘mHealth’ on the Danish Web Archive.” First Monday, January.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.5210/fm.v27i1.11675</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154484">
            <bibl>Fan, Qiuyan. 2018. “A Longitudinal Evaluation of e-Government at the Local Level in Greater Western Sydney (GWS) Australia.” International Journal of Public Administration 41, no. 1: 13–21.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/01900692.2016.1242621</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154418">
            <bibl>Feeney, Mary K., and Adrian Brown. 2017. “Are Small Cities Online? Content, Ranking, and Variation of U.S. Municipal Websites.” Government Information Quarterly, Open Innovation in the Public Sector 34, no. 1: 62–74.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.giq.2016.10.005</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154309">
            <bibl>Fietkiewicz, Kaja J., Agnes Mainka, and Wolfgang G. Stock. 2017. “eGovernment in Cities of the Knowledge Society. An Empirical Investigation of Smart Cities’ Governmental Websites.” Government Information Quarterly, Open Innovation in the Public Sector 34, no. 1: 75–83.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.giq.2016.08.003</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154559">
            <bibl>Flensburg, Sofie, and Signe Sophus Lai. 2021. “Networks of Power. Analysing the Evolution of the Danish Internet Infrastructure.” Internet Histories 5, no. 2: 79–100.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/24701475.2020.1759010</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154506">
            <bibl>Garc&amp;#237;a‐Lacalle, Javier, Vicente Pina, and Sonia Royo. 2011. “The Unpromising Quality and Evolution of Spanish Public Hospital Web Sites.” Online Information Review 35, no. 1: 86–112.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1108/14684521111113605</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154599">
            <bibl>Garcia-Murillo, Martha. 2013. “Does a Government Web Presence Reduce Perceptions of Corruption?” Information Technology for Development 19, no. 2: 151–75.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/02681102.2012.751574</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154600">Gjerding, Allan N. 2005. “The Danish Structural Reform of Government. Aalborg University. &amp;lt;https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/166299/abstractfil.pdf&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154563">
            <bibl>Gr&amp;#246;nlund, &amp;#197;ke, and Thomas A. Horan. 2005. “Introducing e-Gov: History, Definitions, and Issues.” Communications of the Association for Information Systems 15, no. 1.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.17705/1CAIS.01539</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154348">
            <bibl>Hollingsed, Tasha, and David G. Novick. 2007. “Usability Inspection Methods after 15 Years of Research and Practice”. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, 249–55. SIGDOC ’07. New York, NY: ACM.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1145/1297144.1297200</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154382">
            <bibl>Hujran, Omar, Ayman Alarabiat, Ahmad Samed Al-Adwan, and Mutaz Al-Debei. 2023. “Digitally Transforming Electronic Governments into Smart Governments: SMARTGOV, an Extended Maturity Model.” Information Development 39, no. 4: 811–34.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/02666669211054188</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154363">
            <bibl>Ingrams, Alex, Aroon Manoharan, Lisa Schmidthuber, and Marc Holzer. 2020. “Stages and Determinants of e-Government Development: A Twelve-Year Longitudinal Study of Global Cities.” International Public Management Journal 23, no. 6: 731–69.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/10967494.2018.1467987</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154615">
            <bibl>Layne, Karen, and Jungwoo Lee. 2001. “Developing Fully Functional e-Government: A Four Stage Model.” Government Information Quarterly 18, no. 2: 122–36.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00066-1</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154259">
            <bibl>Lazar, Jonathan, Brian Wentz, Abdulelah Almalhem, Alexander Catinella, Catalin Antonescu, Yeveniy Aynbinder, Michael Bands, et al. 2013. “A Longitudinal Study of State Government Homepage Accessibility in Maryland and the Role of Web Page Templates for Improving Accessibility.” Government Information Quarterly 30, no. 3: 289–99.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.giq.2013.03.003</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154247">
            <bibl>Lemke, Florian, Kuldar Taveter, Regina Erlenheim, Ingrid Pappel, Dirk Draheim, and Marijn Janssen. 2020. “Stage Models for Moving from e-Government to Smart Government”. In Electronic Governance and Open Society: Challenges in Eurasia, edited by Andrei Chugunov, Igor Khodachek, Yuri Misnikov, and Dmitrii Trutnev, 152–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-030-39296-3_12</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154427">
            <bibl>Maemura, Emily. 2018. “What’s Cached Is Prologue: Reviewing Recent Web Archives Research towards Supporting Scholarly Use.” Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 55, no. 1: 327–36.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1002/pra2.2018.14505501036</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154592">
            <bibl>Maemura, Emily. 2023. “All WARC and No Playback: The Materialities of Data-Centered Web Archives Research.” Big Data &amp;amp; Society 10, no. 1: 20539517231163172.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/20539517231163172</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154498">
            <bibl>Murakami, Akira, Paul Thompson, Susan Hunston, and Dominik Vajn. 2017. “‘What Is This Corpus About?’: Using Topic Modelling to Explore a Specialised Corpus.” Corpora 12, no. 2: 243–77.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.3366/cor.2017.0118</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154609">
            <bibl>Nielsen, Jakob. 1994. “Usability Inspection Methods.” In Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI ’94, 413–14. Boston: ACM Press.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1145/259963.260531</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154653">Nielsen, Janne. 2021. “Quantitative Approaches to the Danish Web Archive.” In The Past Web, edited by D. Gomes, 165–79. Berlin: Springer.</bibl>
          <bibl n="154616">
            <bibl>Pedersen, Keld. 2018. “e-Government Transformations: Challenges and Strategies.” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 12, no. 1: 84–109.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1108/TG-06-2017-0028</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154566">
            <bibl>Raffal, Harry. 2018. “Tracing the Online Development of the Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces through the UK Web Archive.” Internet Histories 2, no. 1–2: 156–78.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/24701475.2018.1456739</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154376">
            <bibl>Ronchi, Alfredo M. 2019. “e-Government: Background, Today’s Implementation and Future Trends.” In E-Democracy: Toward a New Model of (Inter)Active Society, edited by Alfredo M. Ronchi, 93–196. Cham: Springer International Publishing.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-030-01596-1_5</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154469">
            <bibl>Rooks, Gerrit, Uwe Matzat, and Bert Sadowski. 2017. “An Empirical Test of Stage Models of e-Government Development: Evidence from Dutch Municipalities.” The Information Society 33, no. 4: 215–25.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/01972243.2017.1318194</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154305">
            <bibl>Sandoval-Almazan, Rodrigo, and J. Ramon Gil-Garcia. 2012. “Are Government Internet Portals Evolving towards More Interaction, Participation, and Collaboration? Revisiting the Rhetoric of e-Government among Municipalities.” Government Information Quarterly 29, no. 1: S72–81.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.giq.2011.09.004</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154257">Schafer, Val&amp;#233;rie. 2017. “From Far Away to a Click Away: The French State and Public Services in the 1990s.” In The Web as History: Using Web Archives to Understand the past and the Present, edited by Niels Br&amp;#252;gger and Ralph Schroeder, 117–36. London: UCL Press. &amp;lt;https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1542998/1/The-Web-as-History.pdf&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154534">
            <bibl>Schostag, Sabine, and Eva F&amp;#248;nss-J&amp;#248;rgensen. 2012. “Webarchiving: Legal Deposit of Internet in Denmark. A Curatorial Perspective.” Microform &amp;amp; Digitization Review 41, no. 3–4.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1515/mir-2012-0018</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154671">
            <bibl>Shi, Yuquan. 2006. “e-Government Web Site Accessibility in Australia and China.” Social Science Computer Review 24, no. 3: 378–85.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1177/0894439305283707</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154343">
            <bibl>Skiftenes Flak, Leif, Willy Dertz, Arild Jansen, John Krogstie, Ingrid Spjelkavik, and Svein &amp;#216;lnes. 2009. “What Is the Value of eGovernment – and How Can We Actually Realize It?” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 3, no. 3: 220–26.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1108/17506160910979333</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154712">United Nations. 2023. “Compare Countries.” &amp;lt;https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data/Compare-Countries&amp;gt;</bibl>
          <bibl n="154601">
            <bibl>Vrangb&amp;#230;k, Karsten. 2010. “Structural Reform in Denmark, 2007–09: Central Reform Processes in a Decentralised Environment.” Local Government Studies, April.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1080/03003930903560562</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="154490">
            <bibl>Zhang, Hui, Xiaolin Xu, and Jianying Xiao. 2014. “Diffusion of e-Government: A Literature Review and Directions for Future Directions.” Government Information Quarterly 31, no. 4: 631–36.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.013</idno>
          </bibl>
        </listBibl>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>