<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main" level="a">The reoccupation of the late roman villae of the Iberian Peninsula and the record of the subaltern debris. The case of Fuente Álamo (Puente Genil, Córdoba)</title>
        <author>
          <persName n="1" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-8545" type="ORCID">
            <forename>Jesús</forename>
            <surname>Bermejo Tirado</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">University of Madrid Carlos III, Spain</placeName>
          </persName>
        </author>
        <respStmt>
          <resp>This is a section of <title>Local Societies and Peasantry Agencies in Medieval Iberia</title>(DOI: <idno type="DOI">10.36253/979-12-215-0562-7</idno>) by </resp>
          <name>Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo</name>
        </respStmt>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Firenze University Press</publisher>
        <pubPlace>Florence</pubPlace>
        <date when="2024">2024</date>
        <idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0562-7.11</idno>
        <availability>
          <p>Available for academic research purposes</p>
          <p>Open Access</p>
          <p>Copyright Author(s)</p>
          <licence source="text" target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">
            <p>Content licence CC BY 4.0</p>
          </licence>
          <licence source="metadata" target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode">
            <p>Metadata licence CC0 1.0</p>
          </licence>
        </availability>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>This is original content, published for academic research purposes</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc>
      <appInfo>
        <application version="2.2" ident="Booksflow">
          <desc>Digital edition XML powered by Booksflow</desc>
        </application>
      </appInfo>
    </encodingDesc>
    <profileDesc>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Recent studies on the peasantry in the ancient world and early Middle Ages on the Iberian Peninsula have experienced a revitalization due to new archaeological records and the application of landscape archaeology. Alternative historiographical perspectives that focus on concepts such as collective action, peasant agency, and small politics have led to a rethinking of peasant communities in rural areas. However, the historiography of the ancient peasantry on the Iberian Peninsula still struggles with historical explanations for the transition between antiquity and the Middle Ages. This paper proposes an alternative historiographic perspective that analyses the archaeological record of the final phases of occupation in Roman villae using concepts from peasant and subaltern studies. The focus of our approach is on understanding the everyday practices and agency of subaltern rural communities during Late Antiquity, rather than viewing the archaeological record solely from an architectural perspective. We illustrate our proposal using a case study: the late antique reoccupation of the Roman villae of Fuente Álamo (Puente Genil, Córdoba).</p>
      </abstract>
      <textClass>
        <keywords>
          <list>
            <item>Roman villae</item>
            <item>Late Antiquity</item>
            <item>Peasantry</item>
            <item>Subaltern agency</item>
            <item>Everyday practices</item>
            <item>Iberian Peninsula</item>
          </list>
        </keywords>
      </textClass>
    </profileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <p>It is available online at https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0562-7.11<ref target="https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0562-7.11" /></p>
      <div>
        <listBibl>
          <head>References</head>
          <bibl n="175809">Abascal Palaz&amp;#243;n, Juan Manuel et al. Ba&amp;#241;os de la reina (Calpe, Alicante): un vicus romano a los pies del Pe&amp;#241;&amp;#243;n de Ifach. Alicante: Ayuntamiento de Calpe, 2007.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175505">Aci&amp;#233;n Almansa, Manuel et al. “Cer&amp;#225;micas tardorromanas y altomedievales en M&amp;#225;laga, Ronda y Mor&amp;#243;n.” In Cer&amp;#225;micas tardorromanas y altomedievales en la Pen&amp;#237;nsula Ib&amp;#233;rica. Ruptura y Continuidad, ed. Luis Caballero Zoreda, 411-54. Madrid: Anejos de AEspA. CSIC, 2003.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176161">Allison, Penelope. The Archaeology of Household Activities. London: Routledge, 1999.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175728">Ari&amp;#241;o Gil, Enrique. “El h&amp;#225;bitat rural en la Pen&amp;#237;nsula Ib&amp;#233;rica entre finales del siglo IV y principios del VIII: un ensayo interpretativo.” Antiquit&amp;#233; tardive 21 (2013): 93-123.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175363">Ballesteros Arias, Paula et al. “Por una arqueolog&amp;#237;a agraria de las sociedades medievales hisp&amp;#225;nicas: propuesta de un protocolo de investigaci&amp;#243;n.” In Por una arqueolog&amp;#237;a agraria: perspectivas de investigaci&amp;#243;n sobre espacios de cultivo en las sociedades medievales, ed.Helena Kirchner, 185-202. Oxford: BAR Publishing (International Series 2062), 2010.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175929">Banaji, Jairus. “Aristocracies, Peasantries and the Framing of the Early Middle Ages.” Journal of Agrarian Change 9, no. 1 (2009): 59-91.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175618">Bermejo Tirado, Jes&amp;#250;s. Arqueolog&amp;#237;a de los espacios dom&amp;#233;sticos romanos: condiciones de vida y sociedad en la Meseta nordeste durante el periodo imperial. Soria: Colecci&amp;#243;n Temas Sorianos. Diputaci&amp;#243;n de Soria, 2014</bibl>
          <bibl n="175784">Bermejo Tirado, Jes&amp;#250;s. “Roman peasant habitats and settlement in central Spain (1st c. B.C. – 4th c. A.D.).” Journal of Roman Archaeology 30, no. 1 (2017): 351-71.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175947">Bermejo Tirado, Jes&amp;#250;s and Ignasi Grau Mira, Ignasi. The Archaeology of Peasantry in Roman Spain. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2022.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175431">Bermejo Tirado, Jes&amp;#250;s. “Early Imperial Roman Peasant Communities in Central Spain: Agrarian Structure, Standards of Living, and Inequality in the North of Roman Carpetania.” In The Archaeology of Peasantry in Roman Spain, ed. by Jes&amp;#250;s Bermejo, and Ignasi Grau, 23-48. Berlin-Boston : De Gruyter, 2022.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175364">Bermejo Tirado, Jes&amp;#250;s, Moreno Navarro, Fernando y Colominas Lidia. “Econom&amp;#237;as dom&amp;#233;sticas y patrones de consumo en la villa romana de Fuente &amp;#193;lamo: estudio comparativo de las fases altoimperial y tardoantigua.” En Mosaicos romanos en el espacio rural. Investigaci&amp;#243;n y puesta en valor, ed. Luz Neira Jim&amp;#233;nez, 239-79. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2019.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175973">Binford, Lewis. “Behavioral Archaeology and the “Pompeii Premise.” Journal of Anthropological Research 37, no. 3 (1981): 195-208.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175917">Blanton, Richard. “Collective Action and Adaptative Socioecological Cycles in Premodern States.” Cross-Cultural Research 44 (2010): 41-59.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176030">Blanton, Richard, and Fargher, Lane. Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States. New York: Springer, 2008.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175994">Bonifay, Michel. &amp;#201;tudes sur la c&amp;#233;ramique romaine tardive d’Afrique. Oxford: Archaeopress. BAR International Series 1301, 2004.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175953">Bouchard, Constance B. Negotiation and Resistance: Peasant Agency in High Medieval France. New York: Cornell University Press, 2022.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175930">Bowes, Kimberly. The Roman Peasant Project 2009-2014: Excavating the Roman Rural Poor. Ann Arbor: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176009">Bowes, Kimberly and Adam Gutteridge. “Rethinking the later Roman landscape.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 18 (2005): 405-13.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175810">Brogiolo, Gian Pietro. La fine delle ville romane: trasformazione nelle campagne tra tarda antichit&amp;#224; e alto medioevo. Mantova: SAP Societ&amp;#224; Archeologica, 1996.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175768">Brogiolo, Gian Pietro, Alexandra Chavarria Arnau, e Marco Valenti. Dopo la fine delle ville: le campagne dal VI al IX secolo. Mantova : SAP Societ&amp;#224; Archeologica, 2005.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175959">Caballero Zoreda, Luis, Pedro Mateos, y Tom&amp;#225;s Cordero Ruiz. Visigodos y Omeyas: el territorio. Madrid: Anejos de AEspA. CSIC, 2012.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176114">Carandini, Andrea. Settefinestre. Una villa schiavistica nell’Etruria romana. Parma: Panini, 1985.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175547">Carballo, David. “Cultural and evolutionary dynamics of cooperation in archaeological perspective.” In Cooperation and collective action: archaeological perspectives, ed. by David Carballo, 3-33. Denver: University of Colorado Press, 2013.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175637">Carballo, David, Paul Roscoe, Paul and Gary M. Feinman. “Cooperation and Collective Action in the Cultural Evolution of Complex Societies.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 21 (2014): 98-133.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175657">Carneiro, Andr&amp;#233;. “Adapting to change in rural Lusitania: zooarchaeological record in the Horta da Torre Roman villa (Portugal).” European Journal of Postclassical Archaeologies 10 (2020): 247-78.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175481">Carvajal Castro, &amp;#193;lvaro. “Collective Action and Local Leaderships in Early Medieval North-Western Iberia: Ninth-Eleven Centuries.” In Social Inequality in Early Medieval Europe. Local Societies and Beyond, ed. by Juan Antonio Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, 281-99. Turhout: Brepols, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175908">Castrorao Barba, Angelo. La fine delle ville romane in Italia tra Tarda Antichit&amp;#224; e Alto Medioevo (III-VIII secolo). Bari: Edipuglia, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175583">Cavalieri, Marco e Furio Sacchi. La villa dopo la villa. Trasformazione di un sistema insediativo ed economico in Italia centro-settentrionale tra tarda Antichit&amp;#224; e Medioevo. Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175603">Cavalieri, Marco e Carla Sfameni. La villa dopo la villa 2: Trasformazione di un sistema insediativo ed economico nell’Italia centrale tra tarda Antichit&amp;#224; e Medioevo. Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain, 2022.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176026">Chavarr&amp;#237;a Arnau, Alexandra. “Considerazioni sulla fine delle ville in occidente.” Archeologia medievale 31 (2004): 7-20.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176058">Chavarr&amp;#237;a Arnau, Alexandra. El final de las ‘villae’ en ‘Hispania’ (siglos IV-VII D.C.). Turnhout: Brepols, 2007.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175413">Chavarr&amp;#237;a Arnau, Alexandra y Gian Pietro Brogiolo. “El final de las villas y las transformaciones del territorio rural en el Occidente (siglos V-VIII).” In Las “villae” tardorromanas en el Occidente del Imperio, ed. Carmen Fern&amp;#225;ndez Ochoa, Virginia Garc&amp;#237;a-Entero y Fernando Gil Sendino, 193-214. Gij&amp;#243;n: Trea, 2008.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176183">Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought. London: Routledge, 2009.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176093">Davies, Wendy. Small Worlds: The Village Community in Early Medieval Brittany. Oxford: Duckworth, 1988.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175785">De Marrais, Elizabeth and Timothy Earle. “Collective Action Theory and the Dynamics of Complex Societies.” Annual Review of Anthropology 46, no. 1 (2017): 183-201.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175347">Delgado Torres, Manuel y David Jaen Cubero, David. “Territorio y ciudad. El yacimiento arqueol&amp;#243;gico de Fuente &amp;#193;lamo, Puente Genil (C&amp;#243;rdoba). A modo de reflexi&amp;#243;n.” In Ciudad y Territorio: transformaciones materiales e ideol&amp;#243;gicas entre la &amp;#233;poca cl&amp;#225;sica y el Alto Medioevo, ed. Desiderio Vaquerizo Gil, 69-84. Monograf&amp;#237;as de Arqueolog&amp;#237;a Cordobesa. Cordoba: Universidad de C&amp;#243;rdoba, 2014.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175339">Delgado Torres, Manuel y David Jaen Cubero. “El Conjunto Arqueol&amp;#243;gico de Fuente &amp;#193;lamo (Puente Genil, C&amp;#243;rdoba). Quince a&amp;#241;os de puesta en valor y gesti&amp;#243;n integral del patrimonio en el medio rural.” In Rescate. Del registro arqueol&amp;#243;gico a la sociedad del conocimiento: el patrimonio arqueol&amp;#243;gico como agente de desarrollo sostenible, ed. Desidero Vaquerizo Gil, 223-56. C&amp;#243;rdoba : Universidad de C&amp;#243;rdoba, 2016.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175713">Delgado Torres, Manuel y David Jaen Cubero. “La Fuente del &amp;#193;lamo: historia y arqueolog&amp;#237;a de un lugar excepcional (Puente Genil, C&amp;#243;rdoba).” In Mosaicos romanos en el espacio rural.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176107">Investigaci&amp;#243;n y puesta en valor, ed. Luz Neira Jim&amp;#233;nez, 219-38. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2019.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175909">Diarte-Blasco, Pilar. Late Antique &amp;amp; Early Medieval Hispania. Landscapes without Strategy? An archaeological approach. Oxford: Oxbow, 2018.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176169">Dobres, Marie-Ann and John Robb. Agency in Archaeology. London: Routledge, 2000.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175995">Egloff, Michel. Kellia III, la potterie copte: quatre si&amp;#232;cles d’artisanat et d’&amp;#233;changes en Basse- Egypte. Gen&amp;#232;ve: Georg, 1977.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175980">Evans, John K. “ “Plebs Rustica”. The Peasantry of Classical Italy.” American Journal of Ancient History 5, no. 1 (1980): 19-47.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175968">Evans, John K. “ “Plebs Rustica”. The Peasantry of Classical Italy II.” Amerian Journal of Ancient History 5, no.2 (1980): 134-73.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175528">Feinman, Gary M. “Multiple pathways to large-scale human cooperative networks: a re-framing.” In Feast, Famine or Fighting? Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity, ed. by Richard J. Mendoza, and Rub&amp;#233;n G. Chacon, 459-78. New York: Springer, 2017.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175688">Fernandez Mier, Margarita et al. “La formaci&amp;#243;n de los paisajes agrarios del noroeste peninsular durante la Edad Media (siglos V al XII).” Debates de Arqueolog&amp;#237;a Medieval 3 (2013): 359-73.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175981">Francovich, Riccardo and Richard Hodges. Villa to Village: The Transformation of the Roman Countryside. Oxford: Duckworth, 2003.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175782">Garc&amp;#237;a Merino, Carmen y Margarita S&amp;#225;nchez Sim&amp;#243;n. El final de la villa de Almenara de Adaja- Puras (Valladolid). Los contextos cer&amp;#225;micos. Madrid: La Erg&amp;#225;stula, 2017.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175996">Garnsey, Peter. Non-Slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1980.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176092">Garnsey, Peter. “Peasants in ancient Roman society.” Journal of Peasant Studies 3, no. 2 (1976): 221-35.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176042">Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International Publishers, 1971.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176067">Grey, Cam. Constructing Communities in the Late Roman Countryside. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176031">Grey, Cam. “Contextualizing Colonatus: The Origo of the Late Roman Empire.” Journal of Roman Studies 97 (2007): 155-75.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176184">Hayes, John W. Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome, 1972.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175348">Jaen Cubero, David y Manuel Delgado Torres. “Morir en el campo. Mil a&amp;#241;os de rituales funerarios en el conjunto arqueol&amp;#243;gico de Fuente &amp;#193;lamo (Puente Genil, C&amp;#243;rdoba).” In La muerte en C&amp;#243;rdoba: creencias, ritos y cementerios. 1, De la prehistoria al ocaso de la ciudad romana, ed. Ana Ruiz Osuna, 337-58. C&amp;#243;rdoba: Real Academia de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes de C&amp;#243;rdoba, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175658">Jim&amp;#233;nez Mart&amp;#237;nez, Javier, Isaac Sastre de Diego, and Carlos Tejerizo Garc&amp;#237;a. The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850: An Archaeological Perspective. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175379">Kasprzyk, Michel. “L’&amp;#233;quipement et les formes des &amp;#233;tablissements ruraux du Bas-Empire (milieu du IIIe-milieu du Ve si&amp;#232;cle p. C.) dans l’est du dioc&amp;#232;se des Gaules.” In Gallia rvstica 2. Les campagnes du nord-est de la Gaule, de la fin de l’&amp;#226;ge du fer &amp;#224; l’antiquit&amp;#233; tardive, ed. par Michel Redd&amp;#233;, 235-306. Bordeaux: Ausonius &amp;#201;ditions, 2018.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175751">Kirchner, Helena. “Arqueolog&amp;#237;a del paisaje y arqueolog&amp;#237;a de los espacios de cultivo en las sociedades hisp&amp;#225;nicas medievales.” Imago temporis. Medium Aevum 5 (2011): 55-86.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175858">Kirchner, Helena. “La arqueolog&amp;#237;a del campesinado en &amp;#233;poca alto-medieval. Reflexiones y propuestas.” Imago temporis: Medium Aevum 14 (2020): 462-97.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175333">Knapp, Arthur B. and Peter Van Dommelen. “Past Practices: Rethinking Individuals and Agents in Archaeology.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18, no. 1 (2008): 15-34. Leveau, Philippe. “Villa, romanisation, d&amp;#233;veloppement &amp;#233;conomique entre ideal-type w&amp;#233;berien et mod&amp;#233;lisation territoriale.” In Les affaires de Monsieur Andreau. &amp;#201;conomie et soci&amp;#233;t&amp;#233; du monde romain, ed. par Catherine Apicella, 97-106. Bordeaux: De Boccard, 2014.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175548">Levi, Margaret. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Lewit, Tamara. “‘Vanishing villas’: What happened to &amp;#233;lite rural habitation in the West in the5th-6th c.?.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003): 260-74.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175901">Lewit, Tamara. Agricultural production in the Roman economy AD 200-400. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (International Series), 1991.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175737">L&amp;#243;pez Palomo, Luis Alberto. “Excavaciones de urgencia en la villa romana de Fuente &amp;#193;lamo (Puente Genil, C&amp;#243;rdoba), 1985.” Anuario Arqueol&amp;#243;gico de Andaluc&amp;#237;a III (1985): 105-15.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175887">L&amp;#243;pez-Palomo, Luis Alberto. “Balneum y villa. La secuencia romana de Fuente &amp;#193;lamo (Puente Genil, C&amp;#243;rdoba).” Romvla 12, no. 3 (2013-4): 295-348.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175880">Mar&amp;#237;n-Aguilera, Beatriz. “Subaltern Debris: Archaeology and Marginalized Communities.”Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31, no. 4 (2021): 565-80.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175536">Mart&amp;#237;n Viso, I&amp;#241;aki. “Unequal Small Worlds. Social Dynamics in the Tenth-Century Leonese Villages.” In Social Inequality in Early Medieval Europe. Local Societies and Beyond, ed. by Juan Antonio Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, 255-79. Turnhout: Brepols, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176110">Mayer, Enrique. The Articulated Peasant: Household Economies In The Andes. London: Routledge, 2002.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175564">Mayoral Herrera, Victorino, Ignasi Grau Mira, y Juan Pedro Bell&amp;#243;n Ruiz. Arqueolog&amp;#237;a y sociedad de los espacios agrarios: en busca de la gente invisible a trav&amp;#233;s de la materialidad del paisaje. Madrid: Anejos de AEspA 91. CSIC, 2021.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175705">M&amp;#233;traux, Guy P.R. “Late Antique Villas.” In The Roman Villa in the Mediterranean Basin, ed. by Annalisa Marzano, and Guy M&amp;#233;traux, 401-25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175719">Munro, Beth. “Recycling, demand for materials, and landownership at villas in Italy and the western provinces in late antiquity.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 25 (2012): 351-370.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175607">Neira Jim&amp;#233;nez, Luz. “Acerca de dos mosaicos hallados en Fuente &amp;#193;lamo (Puente Genil, C&amp;#243;rdoba). A tenor de los dibujos de la Comisi&amp;#243;n de Antigüedades de la Real Academia de la Historia.” Lucentum 37 (2018): 165–172.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175459">Neira Jim&amp;#233;nez, Luz. “Los mosaicos romanos del yacimiento rural de Fuente &amp;#193;lamo (Puente Genil, C&amp;#243;rdoba): Investigaci&amp;#243;n y puesta en valor.” In Mosaicos romanos en el espacio rural. Investigaci&amp;#243;n y puesta en valor, ed. por Luz Neira Jim&amp;#233;nez, 279-323. Roma: L’Erma di Brestchneider, 2019.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176174">Nesbitt, Claire. “New Book Chronicle.” Antiquity 96, no. 390 (2022): 1659-68.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175779">Netting, Robert McC. Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. San Francisco: Stanford University Press, 1993.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175680">Pieri, Dominique. Le commerce du vin oriental &amp;#224; l’&amp;#233;poque byzantine (IVe-VIIe ap. J.-C.). Le t&amp;#233;moignage des amphores en Gaule. Beirut: Institut Fran&amp;#231;ais d’Arch&amp;#233;ologie du Proche-Orient, 2005.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175798">Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, Juan Antonio. Archaeology and History of Peasantries 1.: From the Late Prehistory to the Middle Ages. Vitoria: Universidad del Pa&amp;#237;s Vasco, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175862">Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, Juan Antonio. Archaeology and history of peasantries 2. Themes, approaches and debates. Vitoria: Universidad del Pa&amp;#237;s Vasco, 2021.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175405">Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, Juan Antonio. “Do we need an archaeology of peasantries? A new look at rural history (at light of the Iberian experience).” In Archaeology and History of Peasantries 1. From the Late Prehistory to the Middle Ages, ed. by Juan Antonio Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, 23-40. Vitoria: Univerisdad del Pa&amp;#237;s Vasco, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175507">Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, Juan Antonio. “From Villa to Village? Relational Approaches within Roman and Medieval Iberian Rural Societies.” In The Archaeology of Peasantry in Roman Spain, ed. by Jes&amp;#250;s Bermejo, and Ignasi Grau, 253-76. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2022.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175568">Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, Juan Antonio and Carlos Tejerizo Garc&amp;#237;a. “Filling the gap: Peasant Studies and the archaeology of medieval peasantry in light of the Northern Iberian evidence.” Journal of Agrarian Change 21, no. 2 (2021): 377-395.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175344">Rathbone, Dominique. “The Development of Agriculture in the “Ager Cosanus” During the Roman Republic: Problems of Evidence and Interpretation.” Journal of Roman Studies 71 (1981): 10-23. Redd&amp;#233;, Michel. “Fermes et villae romaines en Gaule chevelue: la difficile confrontation des sources classiques et des donn&amp;#233;es arch&amp;#233;ologiques.” Annales, histoire, sciences sociales 72, no. 1 (2017): 47-74.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175623">Reynolds, Paul. “Hispania in the late Roman Mediterranean: ceramics and trade.” In Hispania in Late Antiquity. Current perspectives, ed. by Kimberly Bowes, and Michael Kulikowski, 369-486. Leiden: Brill, 2005.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175403">Ripoll, Gisela and Arce, Javier. “The Transformation and End of Roman Villae in the West (Fourth-Seventh Centuries): Problems and Perspectives.” In Towns and their Territories Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, ed. by Gian Pietro Brogiolo, Nancy Gauthier, and Neil Christie, 63-114. Leiden: Brill, 2000.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175834">Robb, John. The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175635">Rom&amp;#225;n Punz&amp;#243;n, Jos&amp;#233; Mar&amp;#237;a et al. “Life and afterlife of a Roman villa in western Granada, Spain: Salar from the 4th to the 7th centuries.” European Journal of Postclassical Archaeologies 12 (2022): 107-34.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175367">Sarabia Bautista, Julia. “Exploring the Dynamics of Occupation between Resilience and Abandonment in Two Post-Classic Rural Landscapes on the Iberian Peninsula.” Land 12 (2023): 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040768. Schiffer, Michael Brian. Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1987.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175997">Schiffer, Michael Brian. “Is There a ‘Pompeii Premise’ in Archaeology?.” Journal of Anthropological Research 41 (1985): 18-41.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176046">Schiffer, Michael Brian. “Toward the Identification of Formation Processes.” American Antiquity 48 (1983): 675-706.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176111">Scott, James C. “Everyday forms of peasant resistance.” Journal of Peasant Studies 13 (1986): 5-35.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176047">Scott, James C. Weapons of the weak : everyday forms of peasant resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175681">Serrano Ramos, Encarnaci&amp;#243;n. Cer&amp;#225;mica com&amp;#250;n romana: siglos II a. C. al VII d. C. Materiales importados y de producci&amp;#243;n local en el territorio malacitano. M&amp;#225;laga: Universidad de M&amp;#225;laga, 2000.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176179">Shanin, Theodor. Peasants and Peasant Societies. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175769">Tejerizo Garc&amp;#237;a, Carlos. Arqueolog&amp;#237;a de las sociedades campesinas en la cuenca del Duero durante la Primera Alta Edad Media. Vitoria: Universidad del Pa&amp;#237;s Vasco, 2017.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175422">Tejerizo Garc&amp;#237;a, Carlos. “The Archaeology of the Peasant Mode of Production. Peasant-Based Societies in Central and Northern Iberia During the Early Middle Ages.” In Social Inequality in Early Medieval Europe. Local Societies and Beyond, ed. by Juan Antonio Quir&amp;#243;s Castillo, 331-54. Turnhout: Brepols, 2020.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176124">Van der Ploeg, Jan Douwe. El Campesinado y el arte de la agricultura. Barcelona: Icaria. 2016.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175829">Van Oyen, Astrid. “Innovation and investment in the Roman rural economy through the lens of Marzuolo (Tuscany, Italy).” Past and Present 248 (2020): 3-40.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175729">Vigil-Escalera, Alfonso. Los primeros paisajes altomedievales en el interior de Hispania: registros campesinos del siglo quinto d.C. Vitoria: Universidad del Pa&amp;#237;s Vasco, 2015.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175488">Vlassopoulos, Kostas. “Subaltern community formation in antiquity: Some methodological reflections.” In Ancient History from Below: Subaltern Experiences and Actions in Context, ed. by Cyril Courrier, and Julio Cesar Magalh&amp;#227;es de Oliveira, 35-54. London: Routledge, 2021.</bibl>
          <bibl n="175835">Ward-Perkins, Bryan. “Continuitists, Catastrophists, and the Towns of Post-Roman Northern Italy.” Papers of the British School at Rome 65 (1997): 157-76.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176016">Wichkam, Chris. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176068">Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400-1000. London: MacMillan Press, 1981.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176035">Wickham, Chris. “The Other Transition: From the Ancient World to Feudalism.” Past and Present 103, no. 1 (1984): 3-36.</bibl>
          <bibl n="176103">Wolf, Eric. Europe and the People Without History. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982.</bibl>
        </listBibl>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>