<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main" level="a">AI and Machine Learning to extend Meteo-Marine Station Observations into the Future</title>
        <author>
          <persName n="1" ref="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-8530" type="ORCID">
            <forename>Joel</forename>
            <surname>Azzopardi</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">University of Malta, Malta</placeName>
          </persName>
        </author>
        <respStmt>
          <resp>This is a section of <title>Tenth InternationaSymposium Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques</title>(DOI: <idno type="DOI">10.36253/979-12-215-0556-6</idno>) by </resp>
          <name>Laura Bonora, Marcantonio Catelani, Matteo De Vincenzi, Giorgio Matteucci</name>
        </respStmt>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Firenze University Press</publisher>
        <pubPlace>Florence</pubPlace>
        <date when="2024">2024</date>
        <idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0556-6.73</idno>
        <availability>
          <p>Available for academic research purposes</p>
          <p>Open Access</p>
          <p>Copyright Author(s)</p>
          <licence source="text" target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode">
            <p>Content licence CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</p>
          </licence>
          <licence source="metadata" target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode">
            <p>Metadata licence CC0 1.0</p>
          </licence>
        </availability>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>This is original content, published for academic research purposes</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc>
      <appInfo>
        <application version="2.2" ident="Booksflow">
          <desc>Digital edition XML powered by Booksflow</desc>
        </application>
      </appInfo>
    </encodingDesc>
    <profileDesc>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The real-time availability of data from coastal meteo-marine stations is crucial for various stakeholders, including port authorities, government agencies, researchers, and the general public. While observation data is fundamental, short-term forecasts can significantly enhance planning and decision-making processes. This study explores the application of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to predict hourly values of air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and humidity for the next 24 hours. We evaluate three ML models: Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), Random Forest (RF), and Multivariate Linear Regression (LR). The models were trained using Python libraries and Optuna for hyperparameter tuning on datasets of varying lengths from stations in the Malta-Sicily channel. Additionally, we investigated transfer learning with the ERA5 dataset, which provides hourly values over an 83-year period, to address the challenge of limited data availability. The results show that models trained on longer datasets generally achieve better performance. Furthermore, the models demonstrated considerable generalizability, particularly across nearby stations, allowing models trained at one station to be effectively used for predictions at other proximate stations. To support further research and practical application, we have made our models and tools publicly available.</p>
      </abstract>
      <textClass>
        <keywords>
          <list>
            <item>Machine Learning</item>
            <item>Artificial Intelligence</item>
            <item>Transfer Learning</item>
            <item>Meteorology</item>
            <item>Prediction</item>
          </list>
        </keywords>
      </textClass>
    </profileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <p>It is available online at https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0556-6.73<ref target="https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0556-6.73" /></p>
      <div>
        <listBibl>
          <head>References</head>
          <bibl n="184577">
            <bibl>Adnan, R.M., Liang, Z., Kuriqi, A., Kisi, O., Malik, A., Li, B. and Mortazavizadeh, F. (2021) - Air temperature prediction using different machine learning models, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22 (1), 534-541.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i1</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184352">Antor, A.F. and Wollega, E.D. (2020) - Comparison of machine learning algorithms for wind speed prediction, Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Detroit, Michigan, USA, August 10 - 14, 2020, pp. 1-8. &amp;#169; IEOM Society International.</bibl>
          <bibl n="184481">
            <bibl>Aronica, S., et al. (2022) - The i-waveNet project and the integrated sea wave measurements in the Mediterranean sea, 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea; Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea), Milazzo, Italy, 2022, pp. 484-487.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1109/MetroSea55331.2022.9950876</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184478">
            <bibl>Azzopardi, J., Zammit, A. and Gauci, A. (2024) - The i-waveNET Decision Support System – user-driven aggregations and analysis of forecasts and observations, Proceedings of the International Conference on Marine Data and Information Systems: IMDIS 2024, pp. 137-138.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.13127/MISC/80</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="185436">
            <bibl>Bochenek, B. and Ustrnul, Z. (2022) - Machine learning in weather prediction and climate analyses—Applications and perspectives, Atmosphere 13 (2), 180.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.3390/atmos13020180</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184340">Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) (2017) - ERA5 Reanalysis (Hourly Data on Single Levels) from 1979 to present, Climate Data Store (CDS), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Retrieved from https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels.</bibl>
          <bibl n="184946">
            <bibl>Frnda, J., Ďurica, M., Nedoma, J., Žabka, S., Mart&amp;#237;nek, R. and Kostelansk&amp;#253;, M. (2019) - A weather forecast model accuracy analysis and ECMWF enhancement proposal by neural network, Sensors 19 (23), 5144.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.3390/s19235144</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184773">
            <bibl>Kreuzer, D., M&amp;#252;nz, M. and Schl&amp;#252;ter, S. (2020) - Short-term temperature forecasts using a convolutional neural network—An application to different weather stations in Germany, Machine Learning with Applications 1, 100007.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100007</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184891">
            <bibl>Nezhad, E.F., Ghalhari, G.F. and Bayatani, F. (2019) - Forecasting maximum seasonal temperature using artificial neural networks: Tehran case study, Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 55 (1), 97-109.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/s13143-018-0051-x</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184346">
            <bibl>Pati, N., Gourisaria, M.K., Das, H. and Banik, D. (2023) - Wind speed prediction using machine learning techniques, Proceedings of the 2023 11th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering &amp;amp; Technology - Signal and Information Processing (ICETET - SIP), Nagpur, India, 2023, pp. 1-6.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1109/ICETET-SIP58143.2023.10151597</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="185559">
            <bibl>Roy, D.S. (2020) - Forecasting the air temperature at a weather station using deep neural networks, Procedia Computer Science 170, 392-399.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1016/j.procs.2020.11.005</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184684">
            <bibl>Salman, A.G., Kanigoro, B. and Heryadi, Y. (2015) - Weather forecasting using deep learning techniques, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS), IEEE, pp. 281-285.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1109/icacsis.2015.7415154</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="185127">
            <bibl>Samuel, G.G., Sankar, P., Samuel, A., Edwin, P. and Manikandan, J. (2021) - Improved prediction of wind speed using machine learning, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1964, 052005.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1088/1742-6596/1964/5/052005</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184442">
            <bibl>Şener, U., Kılı&amp;#231;, B.İ., Tokg&amp;#246;zl&amp;#252;, A., Aslan, Z. (2023). Prediction of Wind Speed by Using Machine Learning. In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2023 Workshops. ICCSA 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14104. Springer, Cham.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1007/978-3-031-37105-9_6</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="184984">Singh, Nitin, Saurabh Chaturvedi and Shamim Akhter. “Weather Forecasting Using Machine Learning Algorithm.” 2019 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC) (2019): 171-174.</bibl>
          <bibl n="184721">
            <bibl>Singh, S., Kaushik, M., Gupta, A. and Malviya, A.K. (2019) - Weather forecasting using machine learning techniques, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computing and Software Engineering (ICACSE), 2019.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.2139/ssrn.3350281</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="185147">
            <bibl>Schiller, J., Prokhorenkova, L., Seleznev, S., and Bischofberger, J. (2023) - Weather forecasting using deep learning methods: A comprehensive review, arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.08278.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.48550/arXiv.2310.08278</idno>
          </bibl>
          <bibl n="185437">
            <bibl>Zhang, Z. and Dong, Y. (2020) - Temperature forecasting via convolutional recurrent neural networks based on time-series data, Complexity 2020, 3536572.</bibl>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1155/2020/3536572</idno>
          </bibl>
        </listBibl>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>