The Republic of Letters was an extensive network of scholars, scientists, artists and many other actors, which was formed mainly in Western Europe during the early modern era as a space of communication, dialogue and controversy beyond confessional, socio-political, linguistic and other divisions. It had a lasting impact upon intellectual developments there, inter alia connected with the emergence of modern critical philology and historical research as well as the study of numerous non-European languages. However, recent studies have revealed the existence of an Eastern Republic of Letters too, which entered into a multifaceted dialogue with the Western one disseminating novel and important knowledge. This realization is extremely vital for a comprehensive and entangled intellectual history of East and West, with a particular focus on actors stemming from Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well as the Middle East and including their diasporic and transnational networks. No doubt, there was an asymmetry between East and West at that time, given that the Western Republic of Letters was stronger, established, institutionalized and widespread. Occasionally, this asymmetry led Western actors to look down upon the East overall and criticize its numerous deficits. Nevertheless, the Eastern “inferiorities” could be compensated by other factors, such as knowledge of new and unusual languages and the access to previously inaccessible sources and information. This multilingual and multidisciplinary volume combines the expertise of various scholars working on the Eastern Republic of Letters and its numerous entanglements with the Western one, and aspires to reveal the richness, the dynamics and the plurality of these encounters, thus contributing to overcoming geographical, cultural, political and religious segmentations across the entire European continent.