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        <title type="main">Cognizione e realtà</title>
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            <forename>Fortunato Tito</forename>
            <surname>Arecchi</surname>
            <placeName type="affiliation">University of Florence, Italy</placeName>
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        <publisher>Firenze University Press</publisher>
        <pubPlace>Florence</pubPlace>
        <date when="2018">2018</date>
        <idno type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-746-7</idno>
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          <p>Available for academic research purposes</p>
          <p>Open Access</p>
          <p>Copyright Author(s)</p>
          <licence source="text" target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" notBefore="2018-11-07">
            <p>Content licence CC BY 4.0</p>
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        <title>Studi e saggi</title>
        <idno type="ISSN" subtype="print">2704-6478</idno>
        <idno type="ISSN" subtype="electronic">2704-5919</idno>
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          <date>2018</date>
          <idno type="ISBN" subtype="electronic">978-88-6453-746-7</idno>
          <biblScope unit="page">150 pages</biblScope>
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            <p>This is original content, published in Open Access. It is also available to read for free online at <ref target="https://media.fupress.com/files/pdf/24/3757/3757_15748">https://media.fupress.com/files/pdf/24/3757/3757_15748</ref></p>
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          <date>2018</date>
          <idno type="ISBN" subtype="electronic">978-88-9273-093-9</idno>
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          <edition n="3">Print edition</edition>
          <date>2018</date>
          <idno type="ISBN" subtype="print">978-88-6453-745-0	</idno>
          <biblScope unit="page">150 pages</biblScope>
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        <tag>peer-reviewed</tag>
        <rs type="FUP_policy" source="https://doi.org/10.36253/fup_best_practice">Firenze University Press Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing</rs>
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      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Cognition implies perception and judgement. Perception consists in interpreting a sensory stimulus: it is a common process in every animal with a brain, and can be described as a Bayesian inference where the interpretive algorithm is stored in long-term memory. Judgement, on the other hand, is related to the comparison between two perceptions which are coded in a language, in that short-term memory presents the first perception once again and compares it with the second. This operation is called inverted Bayes’ theorem and while it does not presuppose an algorithm, it builds a new one using comparison. The book shows how the algorithmic leaps related to linguistic operations capture aspects of reality which cannot be reached through Bayesian chains of inference following the same algorithm. Nowadays, we experience the successes of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which, however, works thanks to a direct Bayes’ theorem and speeds up recursive chains, but does not resort to algorithmic leaps; therefore, it does not contribute to human language.</p>
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      <abstract xml:lang="it">
        <p>Cognizione implica percezione e giudizio. La percezione consiste nell’interpretare uno stimolo sensoriale: è un processo comune a tutti gli animali con cervello e si può descrivere come una inferenza di Bayes in cui l’algoritmo interpretativo è immagazzinato nella memoria a lungo termine. Il giudizio riguarda, invece, il confronto fra due percezioni codificate in un linguaggio, in cui la precedente viene ripresentata dalla memoria a breve termine e confrontata con la successiva. L’operazione – chiamata Bayes inverso – non presuppone un algoritmo, ma ne costruisce uno nuovo attraverso il confronto. Nel libro si mostra come i salti algoritmici legati a operazioni linguistiche catturino aspetti della realtà non raggiungibili attraverso catene di inferenze di Bayes guidate dallo stesso algoritmo. Oggi sperimentiamo i successi dell’Intelligenza Artificiale (AI), la quale, però, opera per Bayes diretto, velocizza le catene ricorsive, ma non ricorre a salti algoritmici; pertanto, non contribuisce al linguaggio umano.
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      <p>It is available online at https://doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-746-7<ref target="https://doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-746-7" /></p>
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